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2014年7月31日 星期四

2014/7/31 「每天在發問中找答案/數學奧運金牌生:我很不喜歡被稱天才」

每天在發問中找答案/數學奧運金牌生:我很不喜歡被稱天才

摘錄自:天下雜誌電子報                        2014/7/29
2014/07/25
作者: 蔡淇華

天下雜誌電子報 - 20140731


今年指導的網博和校刊都拿了金獎,詩社學生也拿了三十多個文學獎,昨日電視台記者問我指導的要訣,我思索一下,回答:「我會帶著學生一起對世界發問。」

「對世界發問?」記者有點疑惑。

「是的,問對問題,比答對答案更有威力!」

同仁喜歡稱我「點子王」,其實這個稱呼應該翻譯為「喜歡發問的麻煩鬼」或是「對什麼都不滿意的嘮叨大伯」,因為我喜歡纏著同仁發問:「我們要如何提高學生打掃的責任感?」、「可以創造服務體驗的傳統嗎?」、或是「藝術季延長到三週可不可行?」每個提問,都可能帶來自己與同仁新的行政負擔,所以…是的,連我都感覺自己是個令人討厭的人。

但每次我開始發問後,我的大腦就停不下來,覺得可以讓環境更好,為什麼不做?當看到國際學生玩模擬聯合國時,我馬上詢問美國學校,一起玩好不好?當我見到學生沒有打招呼的習慣,便每晚苦思推行「品格校訓」的發法;當一校經費邀不起評審,我可以詢問友校共辦文學獎的可能;當學生說出遊學的夢,卻負擔不起高額的費用時,我問自己,有沒有可能找一所姐妹校,共辦落地招待,讓學生負擔一半的費用。

我習慣把心中的疑問寫在記事本上,暑假整理書架裡累積十幾年的記事本時,驀然發現,我的提問,全部成真了,是的,敢想,就會成真。

所以我喜歡邀請同學到我的桌前:「來,提出你的問題,我們就可以開始創作了。」

大部分人可能以為創作是天馬行空,其實,創作背後的「主題」才是靈魂。而對這個「題目」的「叩問」,是一切創作的核爆點。一個問題的發出,是創作者與世界連結的再釐清,他一定是擁有與他人不同的視角,看到哪裡不對勁了,覺得那是自己的天命或責任,覺得不把它做出來會對不起自己,然後去尋找適合的素材來表達,例如文字、色彩、建築、或是音符,在慢慢與天地詰問間,只要題目問對了,需要的資訊和技巧都會跑來服務,最後「創造」了一個「作品」。

所以發問是責任感與想像力密切互動的結果,而發問時的「動心起念」,是一切創作的源頭。但每一位老師都知道,幼稚園的孩子最喜歡問為什麼,國小低年級的孩子還樂意舉手,但中年級後,「課程」慢慢加重(天吶,我們為什麼有那麼多永遠教不完的課程),老師教不完,學生背不完,上課一發問,進度就趕不上,甚至實驗多做幾個,就「沒時間考試」了。

我們的學生習慣「命題作文」、習慣有「標準答案」,被「教育」制約了他們的好奇心。他們害怕自己找的題目,怕考試不會考;他們害怕想像力太狂野,會跑出「標準答案」的疆界,所以,他們漸漸失去了好奇與發問的勇氣。我們正在教出越來越沒有「發問力」的下一代。

「臺灣半導體教父」張忠謀認為學習只是一種input(輸入),如果沒有經過internalize(內化)的過程,去發問,去發展出自己的思想,那不叫思考,如果想做些與普通人不同的事,非具備思考與發問能力不可。

我們多們期待,我們的下一代,積極思考,大膽發問,勇於表達。

當2003年正在喝下午茶的吳政學發出「有沒有可能把五星級的蛋糕以平價在街頭販賣」的疑問時,85度C王國有了堅實的基石;當穆罕默德‧尤努斯開始思考「微型貸款是否可以幫助孟加拉的貧民遠離高利貸的威脅」時,世界上數百萬窮人有了脫貧的契機;當人生美好一戰已打過,54歲的張忠謀問自己:「半導體有沒有可能扎根台灣?」台灣「電子大國」的夢開始成真。

自己學校學生中,最積極思考,大膽發問的,大概是鼎鈞了。

鼎鈞甫為台灣奪得國際物理奧運金牌,他申請許多課程自學,鎮日呆在圖書館做題目,我常常看到他一做就是兩、三個小時,時而沉思,時而振筆運算。去年得到國際數學奧運金牌後,鼎鈞受訪時表示不是很喜歡被稱為天才:「其實我每天都在發問,所以有做不完的問題,尋求解答。」鼎鈞母親的一席話更是震動了我:「鼎鈞會在網路與同學討論、找資料、向老師發問,有時還會被一個題目卡住好幾天,或許進步慢,但建構出來『解決問題的能力』,『都是自己的』。」

什麼是「解決問題的能力」?什麼是「都是自己的」?

鼎鈞的學習方式很像我帶社團的方式,那是一種PBL問題導向學習(Problem-based learning),學者吳清山認為此種學習植基於建構主義,認為學習是在社會環境中建構知識的過程,而不是獲取知識,它是讓學生在真實世界的環境中,將所發生的實際生活問題形成案例,大家共同討論,並提出問題解決之道。

同仁問我為什麼那麼熱衷帶社團,那是因為,我早忘光了以前上課的東西,但以前對「真實世界」叩問所得到的學習,現在正扎扎實實成為我知識架構的骨骸血肉,帶著我繼續去界定世界的疆界。所以我會瘋狂的帶著學生去發問:「台灣併排停車的問題可不可以根絕?」、「一中街可不可以改變?」,甚至「品格籃球可不可以五年內改變一萬個學生品格?」

我們學習,不一定在課堂裡,但我們學會了思考與表達,至於表達後得到多少獎,已經不重要了,因為我們知道,未來的桂冠是會掛在有「學、思、達」習慣者的頭上。

台灣的老師其實已察覺到目前教育的危機,例如中山女高的張輝誠老師從翻轉教室的概念談起,反思如何讓台灣從過去填鴨式的教育,走向「在課堂上透過不間斷的提問和討論,訓練出學生自學、思考和表達能力」的學思達教學法。

我們期待這群勇於向體制叩問的老師,可以帶出勇於向世界叩問的下一代。是的,試問今日之域中,竟是誰家之天下?惟發問者,得天下!


(本文轉載自 蔡淇華老師FACEBOOK)



2014年5月29日 星期四

2014/5/29 「一位國外回台體育老師,從3位國中生看到的熱情!」

一位國外回台體育老師,從3位國中生看到的熱情!

摘錄自:天下雜誌電子報                        2014/5/27
2014/05/26
作者: 陶以哲

天下雜誌電子報 - 20140529


這學期初幾個教過的學生找我詢問升學問題,他們想要考臺北市高中體育班,想要聽聽我的意見,看那一間學校比較有機會能完成他們的夢想。雖然自己是體育老師兼任學校體育組長,但去年才從國外回臺服務,關於升學制度的部分,其實跟過去回憶或有落差。於是請教了前任體育組長,打電話問了幾位教育界人士,並從臺北市教育局下載相關簡章閱讀,對於相關訊息慢慢有些輪廓理解。

來問我的有三位,兩位想要讀籃球項目的體育班,一位想要讀羽球專長的學校。這幾個學生體育運動能力與同儕比較都在中上程度,我看到他們眼中的期待與疑惑,又是學校自己的學生,真的很想幫助他們。

首先先談籃球的部份。

籃球近年高中體總經營的有聲有色,每當賽季開始,有籃球隊學校氛圍就是一整個球來瘋,打得好的球隊甚至還能上電視轉播,影響所致,許多學校為了為了增加學校知名度,招生率與體育運動發展,紛紛成立籃球隊並作為重點發展項目。

以臺北市公立高中來看,許多明星學校(如北一女中,成功高中與松山高中等)雖然有開設名額,但競爭高度激烈,要進去這些籃球名校,除非國中是籃球名校出身(如金華國中),或是條件過人(身高與體型條件佳),不然考取真的比登天還難。

由於臺灣喜愛打籃球的學生實在太多,一般的公立學校或私立高中職,雖然名氣沒這些名校響亮,也需要相當的事前準備。政大附中雖有好名聲,但學校沒有籃球隊,也比較注意課業發展,兩位打籃球的學生去考任何一間高中職學校都有一定難度。

我評估了整個臺北學校環境與可能性,建議他們先試看看萬芳高中的體育班,主要是因為地緣與人脈,該校與我們學校同樣座落文山區,內部的體育老師也有一定的熟識度。

事實上,萬芳高中「合球」發展一直很成功,運動訓練外也很注重運動員的課業發展,確實值得一試。後來兩個同學確實接受我的建議,利用課餘時間去萬芳高中練習,也對那邊的環境慢慢有瞭解。然而,合球終究不是籃球,五月報名前其中的男同學告訴我,他還是要報考有籃球項目的學校,因為他希望就是打籃球,後來他報考了木柵高工,不忘初衷。

另一位最後決定要朝職校努力,也持續在努力中。無論如何,我還是很肯定這兩位同學的個人意志選擇,擇其所愛,愛其所擇。當老師的這個時代,確實也應該學習鼓勵學生朝自己的夢想前進。

第三位學生至始至終就是想要讀體育班羽球隊。由於羽球要考很多項目,包括單雙打技術、耐力跑、折返跑與跳繩。這個同學真的很用心,他經常到辦公室就請教我考試的事情,還經常練習跳繩,除體育課練習外,其他時段也經常練習,十分認真。我看到他的手上有練跳繩受傷的痕跡,內心很希望他能成功。

許多青少年一昧地追求明星學校,或是不清楚自己真正要甚麼,每天渾渾噩噩,這位同學卻很認真的朝自己的目標堅定地前進。這幾天考試並放榜後,他很興奮的告訴我他考上了,真的很替他高興。

臺灣是一個注重升學的教育環境,體育類別也是一個多元且競爭的升學管道。當我看到這些學生擇其所愛,努力的為自己喜歡的方向加油前進時,真的很感動。認識自己,發揮潛能,並努力追夢,這不就是教育的目標?

我必須肯定教育部/教育局對於多元升學政策長期的推動,讓這些孩子有空間發揮,也有一圓夢想的管道機會。最後,衷心祝福這些學生保持熱忱,未來一切順利!






2014年1月20日 星期一

2014/1/20 「莫名的籃球外交 讓人霧裡看花」

莫名的籃球外交 讓人霧裡看花

摘錄自:天下雜誌 經濟學人電子報                        2013/1/17
2014-01-13 Web only 作者:經濟學人
 
天下雜誌 經濟學人電子報 - 20140120
圖片來源:flickr.com/photos/ye-wa/
1月8日聚集在平壤室內運育場的群眾,不太像是來看籃球賽的觀眾。交手雙方分別為北韓隊,以及前美國NBA球星和街頭籃球手組成的隊伍;14,000人穿西裝打領帶,填滿了體育場的座位,掌聲亦經過精心安排。但在金正恩進入體育館之後,氣氛亦大為改變;前職業球員羅德曼(Dennis Rodman)表示,那真的非常驚人,讓人體會到金正恩在這個國家究竟擁有多大的權力。

這場賽事主要由羅德曼(Dennis Rodman)促成,這是他第4次來到北韓。羅德曼是與金正恩會面的美國人中最知名的一個,或許也讓他在不知不覺中成了重要的外交人員。羅德曼稱此為「籃球外交」,認為這是個與北韓進行文化交流的機會,並表示此行沒有政治動機。

不過,這次造訪北韓還是在引來了批評。美國國會議員恩格爾(Eliot Engel)認為這場表演賽就像是邀請希特勒共進午餐,NBA總裁史騰(David Stern)亦表示,運動賽事雖然可以協助建立橋樑,但這場比賽並非如此。

這一切都嚇不退羅德曼。他在公開演說的最後,為金正恩演唱生日快樂歌作結;據信金正恩目前應該30出頭,但關於金正恩的一切都不是那麼明朗。球賽下半場,羅德曼坐到了金正恩身旁,據羅德曼表示,他們聊的主要是籃球,亦計畫在夏季舉辦更大型的表演賽。接著,金正恩便邀請羅德賽等人一同滑雪。

不過,這似乎不太可能協助重建北韓與美國的官方關係。韓戰結束後,兩國的關係一直不好,神秘又難以預期的北韓政治令人不安,美國人亦無法接受其核武計畫。1月7日,美國宣佈,除了已駐守於南韓的2.8萬名士兵外,將增派800名士兵和40輛戰車,以維持朝鮮半島的安全。

而在平壤,無法親臨球賽的人可以在報紙上讀到這場比賽的報導,也可以在電視上觀賞比賽。一位不願透露真名的北韓民眾認為,羅德曼現身應該對美國與北韓的關係有些幫助;她個人認為羅德曼臉上的穿環有些瘋狂,但她亦指出,金正恩似乎對羅德曼不尋常地友好。羅德曼已經成為美國最令人意外的外交人員了。(黃維德譯)

©The Economist Newspaper Limited 2014



The Economist

Americans in North Korea
Strangest of bedfellows

By The Economist
From The Economist
Published: January 13, 2014

Jan 9th 2014, 10:54 by The Economist | PYONGYANG

THE crowd gathered at the Pyongyang Indoor Stadium on January 8th made unlikely spectators for a basketball game. Dressed in suits and ties, the 14,000 people filling the stands in North Korea's capital held neither hotdogs nor giant foam fingers. Applause for the two squads, a motley crew of former American National Basketball Association (NBA) stars and street-ball players, and then the North Korean team, was tightly orchestrated. But when the country's young leader, Kim Jong Un, entered the stadium, the atmosphere changed. "It's just really shocking, an overwhelming experience to see how much power that guy has in this country," said Dennis Rodman, the provocative former professional American player who was chiefly responsible for the spectacle. "All [Mr Kim] has to do is get up and they go nuts."

This is Mr Rodman's fourth trip to North Korea, an ostentatious tour with an athletic entourage which is estimated to cost his hosts about $1m. He is the highest-profile American to have met the youthful Mr Kim, and this has cast Mr Rodman into a position of perhaps unwitting ambassadorial significance. He labels his own visits as "basketball diplomacy", an opportunity for cultural exchange with the secretive state. He claims to have no political motive.

But his visits have drawn criticism from near and far by people who worry about North Korea's appalling human-rights record and its pursuit of a nuclear arsenal. In a last-minute appeal in which he asked Mr Rodman to abandon the charade, Eliot Engel, an American congressman, likened playing the exhibition game to inviting Hitler to lunch. "What you seem to be implying is that business as usual is OK. That it's OK to enslave people. That it is OK to torture people," Mr Engel told Mr Rodman through an interview with the New York Times. David Stern of the NBA distanced his organisation from the excursion, saying that although sporting events can be helpful in bridging divides, this one is not. Mr Rodman has also been rebuked for failing to use his influence to assist Kenneth Bae, an American missionary who has been detained in North Korea for "anti-state" crimes. (He compounded the sense of insult with an apparently drunken rant against Mr Bae, during a live interview with CNN from Pyongyang. The next day Mr Rod man explained that indeed he had been feeling tired and emotional, and apologised.)

None of this deterred Mr Rodman during the match. Ever flamboyant, the tattooed 52-year-old alumnus of the Chicago Bulls rounded off a curious public address by singing "Happy Birthday" to the "marshal", using Mr Kim's local honorific. It is believed that Mr Kim is in his early 30s, but like so much else about the dictator, who inherited power when his father, Kim Jong Il, died in 2011, the details are murky. "Yes he is a great leader, he provides for his people here in this country and thank God the people here love the marshal," Mr Rodman somewhat incoherently told the crowd, which included Mr Kim, his wife Ri Sol Ju, a rare appearance for his brother, Kim Jong Chol, and plenty of senior officials. As a birthday present, Mr Rodman presented Mr Kim with five bottles of Bad Ass Vodka, his own brand, with their images etched into the glass.

Joining Mr Rodman on court were six former NBA players, most of them past their playing prime and well into their 40s. They might include a few names familiar to American basketball enthusiasts of the 1990s (Sleepy Floyd stands out), but today they are invested in more diverse pursuits. Vin Baker's professional career came to an end over a battle with alcoholism; he is now a pastor at a church in New York. Doug Christie has lately been overshadowed by his wife's participation in a reality-television show, "Basketball Wives L.A.". Last year an ex-All Star, Kenny Anderson, lost his job coaching high school basketball after he was arrested on suspicion of driving drunk. Other members of the squad included Cliff Robinson, Craig Hodges, Charles D. Smith as well as four never-pro players.

In the first half of the friendly game, which Rodman dedicated to his "best friend" (the birthday boy, of course), the Americans scored just 39 points, losing to the North Koreans' 47. (One spectator judged that the Americans had rather "phoned it in".) In the second half the teams were mixed and Mr Rodman sat beside Mr Kim. Their discussion was chiefly about basketball, according to Mr Rodman, including plans for a more ambitious game in the summer: for an audience of 120,000. Mr Kim then invited Mr Rodman and a small delegation to go skiing at the recently constructed resort in the remote east of the country, Masik Pass, which is said to have opened on January 1st.

All of this is very cosy, at least for the strange-looking men involved. But it seems unlikely to be helpful in re-establishing official relations between North Korea and America, despite Mr Rodman's hopes. There is a long way to go. The two countries have been estranged since the Korean War ended, more than 60 years ago. The secretive and unpredictable nature of North Korea's politics is unnerving, and its nuclear-weapons programme unacceptable to the Americans. The dramatic purge of Jang Song Thaek, Mr Kim's uncle, who was abruptly executed in December, has done nothing to soothe worries abroad, as it revealed deep schisms within the upper echelons of the North Korean state. On January 7th America announced that it would send another 800 soldiers and 40 tanks to South Korea, in addition to the 28,000 troops it already has stationed there, as part of the country's commitment to security on the peninsula.

In Pyongyang those who were unable to attend the game could read about it on the front page of the Rodong Sinmun, a state-run newspaper, or watch it on television. Pak Ji Yoon, a North Korean national who would not give her real name, guesses that while little is known about Mr Rodman, his presence is "not bad" for the relations of the two countries involved. Ms Pak personally finds Mr Rodman's facial piercings off-putting and "kind of crazy", but she notes that Kim Jong Un seems unusually friendly towards him. She would not be the first to say it: Mr Rodman has become America's least likely diplomat.

©The Economist Newspaper Limited 2014